2012年1月1日 星期日

各地對於複製人的政策



United Nations
On December 13, 2001, the United Nations General Assembly began elaborating an international convention against the reproductive cloning of humans. A broad coalition of States, including Spain, Italy, the Philippines, the United States, Costa Rica and the Holy See sought to extend the debate to ban all forms of human cloning, noting that, in their view, therapeutic human cloning violates human dignity. Costa Rica proposed the adoption of an international convention to ban all forms of human cloning. Unable to reach a consensus on a binding convention, in March 2005 a non-binding United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning calling for the ban of all forms of Human Cloning contrary to human dignity, was finally adopted.

聯合國
在2001.12.16,聯合國大會開始擬定對於生育性複製人的國際公約,而西班牙、義大利、菲律賓、美利堅合眾國、哥斯大黎加和教廷都傾向擴大公約的內容禁止一切形式的人類複製。而對它們而言,即使是治療性的複製也侵犯了人類的尊嚴。哥斯大黎加提案禁止一切形式的人類複製,因無法達成強制性公約的共識,在2005三月聯合國公布了非強制性的宣言,禁止一切傷害人類尊嚴的人類複製。

Australia
Australia had prohibited human cloning,[14] though as of December 2006, a bill legalising therapeutic cloning and the creation of human embryos for stem cell research passed the House of Representatives. Within certain regulatory limits, and subject to the effect of state legislation, therapeutic cloning is now legal in some parts of Australia.

澳洲
澳洲禁止人類複製,然而在2006年十二月,眾議院通過了允許對人類胚胎幹細胞的醫療性複製。在一些限制之下,在澳洲的部分地區醫療性複製是合法的。

European Union
The European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine prohibits human cloning in one of its additional protocols, but this protocol has been ratified only by Greece, Spain and Portugal. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union explicitly prohibits reproductive human cloning. The charter is legally binding for the institutions of the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon.

歐盟
歐盟人權與生物科技公約在其中一個草案中禁止人類複製,然而只有希臘、西班牙、葡萄牙批准。歐盟基本權利憲章明確的禁止生育性人類複製。在里斯本條約下這個憲章能夠合法的、強制性的規範歐盟國。

United States
In 1998, 2001, 2004 and 2007, the United States House of Representatives voted whether to ban all human cloning, both reproductive and therapeutic. Each time, divisions in the Senate over therapeutic cloning prevented either competing proposal (a ban on both forms or reproductive cloning only) from passing. On Mar 10, 2010 a bill (HR 4808) was introduced with a section banning federal funding for human cloning. Such a law, if passed, would not prevent research from occurring in private institutions (such as universities) that have both private and federal funding. There are currently no federal laws in the United States which ban cloning completely, and any such laws would raise difficult Constitutional questions similar to the issues raised by abortion. Thirteen American states (Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Iowa, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, North Dakota, New Jersey, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Virginia) ban reproductive cloning and three states (Arizona, Maryland, Missouri) prohibit use of public funds for such activities.

美國
在1998, 2001, 2004和2007年,美國眾議院投票決定是否禁止生育性以及醫療性複製人。而目前沒有任何聯邦法規完全禁止人類複製。然而十三個州(阿肯色州,加利福尼亞州,康涅狄格州,衣阿華州,印第安納州,馬薩諸塞州,馬里蘭州,密歇根州,北達科他州,新澤西州,羅得島州,南達科他州,弗吉尼亞州)禁止用公款資助這類行為。

United Kingdom
On January 14, 2001 the British government passed The Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Research Purposes) Regulations 2001to amend the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 by extending allowable reasons for embryo research to permit research around stem cells and cell nuclear replacement, thus allowing therapeutic cloning. However, on 15 November 2001, a pro-life group won a High Court legal challenge, which struck down the regulation and effectively left all forms of cloning unregulated in the UK. Their hope was that Parliament would fill this gap by passing prohibitive legislation.[18][19] Parliament was quick to pass the Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001 which explicitly prohibited reproductive cloning. The remaining gap with regard to therapeutic cloning was closed when the appeals courts reversed the previous decision of the High Court.
The first licence was granted on August 11, 2004 to researchers at the University of Newcastle to allow them to investigate treatments for diabetes, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008, a major review of fertility legislation, repealed the 2001 Cloning Act by making amendments of similar effect to the 1990 Act. The 2008 Act also allows experiments on hybrid human-animal embryos.

英國
在2001.1.14英國政府通過2001年人類受精與胚胎條例,借此修正案擴大1990年人類受精與胚胎法案進行幹細胞以及細胞核致換的允許範圍,進而允許醫療性複製人。然而,2001.11.15日高等法院的司法覆核中駁回了這個條例以及其效力。反墮胎人士同時也希望議會能夠進而通過禁止複製人的法案。儘管議會又通過了2001年生育性人類複製法案禁止生育性人類複製,但是對於醫療性複製的禁止法案卻因上訴法院推翻高等法院判決而無疾而終。
在2001.8.11新堡大學獲得了第一張執照,允許進行糖尿病、帕金森氏症、阿茲海墨症的研究。2008年的人類受精與胚胎法案借由修改1990年人類受精與胚胎法案,借此撤銷了2001年的複製人法案。2008年的法案同時也允許對於人獸混種胚胎的研究。


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